La Mappa Completa della Grammatica Inglese

Benvenuto nel nostro strumento di esplorazione. Questa mappa interattiva organizza tutte le regole della grammatica inglese in una rete connessa. Naviga tra gli argomenti, parti dalle macro-categorie e approfondisci fino alle regole più specifiche per chiarire ogni dubbio.

Home /correzione ai /albero della grammatica

{"nodes":[{"id":"english-grammar","name":"English Grammar","label":"1","description":"The root node representing all English grammar rules and categories.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"parts-of-speech","name":"Parts of Speech","label":"1.1","description":"Categories of words based on their syntactic function and form.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"syntax-and-sentence-structure","name":"Syntax and Sentence Structure","label":"1.2","description":"Rules governing how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"morphological-rules","name":"Morphological Rules","label":"1.3","description":"Rules on the structure and formation of words (word structure and word formation).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"nouns","name":"Nouns","label":"1.1.1","description":"Words that name people, places, things, or ideas.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verbs","name":"Verbs","label":"1.1.2","description":"Words that describe actions, occurrences, or states of being.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adjectives","name":"Adjectives","label":"1.1.3","description":"Words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"pronouns","name":"Pronouns","label":"1.1.4","description":"Words that replace nouns in a sentence.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverbs","name":"Adverbs","label":"1.1.5","description":"Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often indicating manner, time, place, or degree.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositions","name":"Prepositions","label":"1.1.6","description":"Words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence, indicating a relationship (often spatial or temporal).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"conjunctions","name":"Conjunctions","label":"1.1.7","description":"Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"interjections","name":"Interjections","label":"1.1.8","description":"Words or expressions that convey emotion or sentiment, often standing alone.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"common-nouns","name":"Common Nouns","label":"1.1.1.1","description":"General names for any person, place, thing, or idea (not capitalized unless at the start of a sentence).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"proper-nouns","name":"Proper Nouns","label":"1.1.1.2","description":"Names of specific people, places, or organizations (always capitalized).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"concrete-nouns","name":"Concrete Nouns","label":"1.1.1.3","description":"Nouns that refer to physical things that can be experienced with the five senses.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"abstract-nouns","name":"Abstract Nouns","label":"1.1.1.4","description":"Nouns that refer to ideas, qualities, or concepts that cannot be seen or touched.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"countable-and-uncountable-nouns","name":"Countable and Uncountable Nouns","label":"1.1.1.5","description":"Nouns that can be counted (singular/plural forms) versus those that cannot (mass nouns).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"collective-nouns","name":"Collective Nouns","label":"1.1.1.6","description":"Nouns that refer to a group of individuals or things as a single unit.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compound-nouns-more-words","name":"Compound Nouns more words","label":"1.1.1.7","description":"Nouns made up of two or more words (e.g., toothpaste, mother-in-law).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"singular-and-plural-nouns","name":"Singular and Plural Nouns","label":"1.1.1.8","description":"Forms of nouns to indicate one (singular) or more than one (plural), including irregular forms.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possessive-nouns","name":"Possessive Nouns","label":"1.1.1.9","description":"Nouns that show ownership or possession, usually formed with an apostrophe + s or just an apostrophe.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"regular-verbs","name":"Regular Verbs","label":"1.1.2.1","description":"Verbs that form their past tense and past participle by adding -ed (or -d) to the base form.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"irregular-verbs","name":"Irregular Verbs","label":"1.1.2.2","description":"Verbs that do not follow the standard -ed rule for past tense and past participle forms.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"auxiliary-verbs","name":"Auxiliary Verbs","label":"1.1.2.3","description":"Helping verbs (be, do, have) used with main verbs to form tenses, negatives, questions, and other constructions.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"modal-verbs","name":"Modal Verbs","label":"1.1.2.4","description":"Auxiliary verbs that express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability (e.g., can, may, must).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"phrasal-verbs","name":"Phrasal Verbs","label":"1.1.2.5","description":"Verb + particle combinations that have specific meanings (e.g., \"look after\", \"run out of\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verb-transitivity","name":"Verb Transitivity","label":"1.1.2.6","description":"Classification of verbs based on whether they take objects: transitive verbs take a direct object, while intransitive verbs do not.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"linking-verbs","name":"Linking Verbs","label":"1.1.2.7","description":"Verbs (e.g., be, seem, become) that connect the subject to a subject complement (descriptive or identifying element).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verb-tenses","name":"Verb Tenses","label":"1.1.2.8","description":"Forms of verbs that indicate the time of action or state (present, past, future, and their various aspects).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verb-moods","name":"Verb Moods","label":"1.1.2.9","description":"Categories that indicate the attitude of the speaker (e.g., indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"voice","name":"Voice","label":"1.1.2.10","description":"The form of the verb that shows whether the subject performs or receives the action (active vs. passive).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"non-finite-verb-forms","name":"Non-finite Verb Forms","label":"1.1.2.11","description":"Verb forms not limited by tense or subject (infinitives, gerunds, and participles).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"gerunds-vs-infinitives","name":"Gerunds vs Infinitives","label":"1.1.2.12","description":"Guidelines on when to use a gerund (verb+ing) or an infinitive (to+base verb) after certain verbs or expressions.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"descriptive-adjectives","name":"Descriptive Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.1","description":"Adjectives that describe qualities or states of nouns (e.g., \"happy\", \"blue\", \"tall\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"proper-adjectives","name":"Proper Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.2","description":"Adjectives derived from proper nouns, often capitalized (e.g., \"French\" cuisine, \"Shakespearean\" plays).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"quantitative-adjectives","name":"Quantitative Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.3","description":"Adjectives that indicate quantity or amount (e.g., \"one\", \"several\", \"many\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"demonstrative-adjectives","name":"Demonstrative Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.4","description":"Adjectives that point out specific items (\"this\", \"that\", \"these\", \"those\" used before nouns).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possessive-adjectives","name":"Possessive Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.5","description":"Adjectives that indicate ownership (\"my\", \"your\", \"his\", \"her\", \"its\", \"our\", \"their\" before a noun).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"interrogative-adjectives","name":"Interrogative Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.6","description":"Adjectives used to ask questions about nouns (\"which\", \"what\", \"whose\" before a noun).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"indefinite-adjectives","name":"Indefinite Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.7","description":"Adjectives giving non-specific information about nouns (e.g., \"some\", \"any\", \"few\", \"many\" when used before a noun).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"distributive-adjectives","name":"Distributive Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.8","description":"Adjectives that refer to individual members of a group (\"each\", \"every\", \"either\", \"neither\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"articles-definite-indefinite","name":"Articles (Definite & Indefinite)","label":"1.1.3.9","description":"The articles \"a/an\" (indefinite) and \"the\" (definite), used to indicate specificity of a noun.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compound-adjectives-more-words","name":"Compound Adjectives more words","label":"1.1.3.10","description":"Adjectives made up of two or more words, often hyphenated (e.g., \"well-known\", \"high-speed\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"participial-adjectives","name":"Participial Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.11","description":"Adjectives formed from present or past participles of verbs (e.g., \"interesting\", \"bored\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"gradable-vs-non-gradable-adjectives","name":"Gradable vs Non-Gradable Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.12","description":"Distinction between adjectives that can vary in degree (gradable, e.g., \"very hot\") and those that typically cannot (non-gradable, e.g., \"perfect\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comparative-adjectives","name":"Comparative Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.13","description":"Forms of adjectives used to compare two things (often ending in -er or using \"more\", e.g., \"smaller\", \"more interesting\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"superlative-adjectives","name":"Superlative Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.14","description":"Forms of adjectives used to compare more than two things, indicating the highest degree (ending in -est or using \"most\", e.g., \"smallest\", \"most interesting\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"order-of-adjectives","name":"Order of Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.15","description":"The conventional sequence of different types of adjectives before a noun (e.g., opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"attributive-vs-predicative-adjectives","name":"Attributive vs Predicative Adjectives","label":"1.1.3.16","description":"The positions adjectives can take: directly before a noun (attributive) or after a linking verb (predicative).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"irregular-adjectives-comparison","name":"Irregular Adjectives (Comparison)","label":"1.1.3.17","description":"Adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative forms (e.g., good, bad, far).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"personal-pronouns","name":"Personal Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.1","description":"Pronouns that refer to specific persons or things and change form based on person, number, gender, and case (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possessive-pronouns","name":"Possessive Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.2","description":"Pronouns that indicate ownership and stand on their own (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"reflexive-pronouns","name":"Reflexive Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.3","description":"Pronouns ending in -self or -selves, used when the object of a verb is the same as its subject or for emphasis (e.g., myself, yourself, themselves).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"reciprocal-pronouns","name":"Reciprocal Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.4","description":"Pronouns that indicate a mutual action or relationship between two or more parties (each other, one another).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"demonstrative-pronouns","name":"Demonstrative Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.5","description":"Pronouns that point to specific things (this, that, these, those) without naming them.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"interrogative-pronouns","name":"Interrogative Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.6","description":"Pronouns used to ask questions (who, whom, whose, which, what).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"relative-pronouns","name":"Relative Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.7","description":"Pronouns that introduce relative clauses and refer back to nouns (who, whom, whose, which, that).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"indefinite-pronouns","name":"Indefinite Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.8","description":"Pronouns that refer to non-specific persons or things (e.g., someone, anything, nobody, few, many).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"subject-pronouns","name":"Subject Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.1.1","description":"Personal pronouns used as the subject of a verb.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"object-pronouns","name":"Object Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.1.2","description":"Personal pronouns used as the object of a verb or preposition.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"i","name":"I","label":"1.1.4.1.1.1","description":"The pronoun \"I\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"you-singular","name":"You (singular)","label":"1.1.4.1.1.2","description":"The pronoun \"You\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"he","name":"He","label":"1.1.4.1.1.3","description":"The pronoun \"He\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"she","name":"She","label":"1.1.4.1.1.4","description":"The pronoun \"She\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"it-subject","name":"It-subject","label":"1.1.4.1.1.5","description":"The pronoun \"It\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"we","name":"We","label":"1.1.4.1.1.6","description":"The pronoun \"We\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"you-plural-subject","name":"You (plural) subject","label":"1.1.4.1.1.7","description":"The pronoun \"You\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"they","name":"They","label":"1.1.4.1.1.8","description":"The pronoun \"They\" used as a subject.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"me","name":"Me","label":"1.1.4.1.2.1","description":"The pronoun \"Me\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"you-singular-object","name":"You (singular) object","label":"1.1.4.1.2.2","description":"The pronoun \"You\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"him","name":"Him","label":"1.1.4.1.2.3","description":"The pronoun \"Him\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"her","name":"Her","label":"1.1.4.1.2.4","description":"The pronoun \"Her\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"it-object","name":"It-object","label":"1.1.4.1.2.5","description":"The pronoun \"It\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"us","name":"Us","label":"1.1.4.1.2.6","description":"The pronoun \"Us\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"you-plural-object","name":"You (plural) object","label":"1.1.4.1.2.7","description":"The pronoun \"You\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"them","name":"Them","label":"1.1.4.1.2.8","description":"The pronoun \"Them\" used as an object.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"mine","name":"Mine","label":"1.1.4.2.1","description":"The possessive pronoun \"Mine\" indicating ownership.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"yours","name":"Yours","label":"1.1.4.2.2","description":"The possessive pronoun \"Yours\" indicating ownership.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"his","name":"His","label":"1.1.4.2.3","description":"The possessive pronoun \"His\" indicating ownership.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"hers","name":"Hers","label":"1.1.4.2.4","description":"The possessive pronoun \"Hers\" indicating ownership.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"its","name":"Its","label":"1.1.4.2.5","description":"The possessive pronoun \"Its\" indicating ownership.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ours","name":"Ours","label":"1.1.4.2.6","description":"The possessive pronoun \"Ours\" indicating ownership.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"theirs","name":"Theirs","label":"1.1.4.2.7","description":"The possessive pronoun \"Theirs\" indicating ownership.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"myself","name":"Myself","label":"1.1.4.3.1","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Myself\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"yourself","name":"Yourself","label":"1.1.4.3.2","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Yourself\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"himself","name":"Himself","label":"1.1.4.3.3","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Himself\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"herself","name":"Herself","label":"1.1.4.3.4","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Herself\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"itself","name":"Itself","label":"1.1.4.3.5","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Itself\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ourselves","name":"Ourselves","label":"1.1.4.3.6","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Ourselves\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"yourselves","name":"Yourselves","label":"1.1.4.3.7","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Yourselves\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"themselves","name":"Themselves","label":"1.1.4.3.8","description":"The reflexive pronoun \"Themselves\", used for emphasis or to indicate the subject acts on itself.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"each-other","name":"Each other","label":"1.1.4.4.1","description":"The reciprocal pronoun \"Each other\", used when two or more people perform an action mutually.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"one-another","name":"One another","label":"1.1.4.4.2","description":"The reciprocal pronoun \"One another\", used when two or more people perform an action mutually.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"this","name":"This","label":"1.1.4.5.1","description":"The demonstrative pronoun \"This\" referring to a specific item or items.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"that","name":"That","label":"1.1.4.5.2","description":"The demonstrative pronoun \"That\" referring to a specific item or items.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"these","name":"These","label":"1.1.4.5.3","description":"The demonstrative pronoun \"These\" referring to a specific item or items.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"those","name":"Those","label":"1.1.4.5.4","description":"The demonstrative pronoun \"Those\" referring to a specific item or items.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"who-interrogative","name":"Who interrogative","label":"1.1.4.6.1","description":"The interrogative pronoun \"Who\" used to ask a question.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"whom-interrogative","name":"Whom interrogative","label":"1.1.4.6.2","description":"The interrogative pronoun \"Whom\" used to ask a question.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"whose-interrogative","name":"Whose Interrogative","label":"1.1.4.6.3","description":"The interrogative pronoun \"Whose\" used to ask a question.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"which-interrogative","name":"Which Interrogative","label":"1.1.4.6.4","description":"The interrogative pronoun \"Which\" used to ask a question.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"what","name":"What","label":"1.1.4.6.5","description":"The interrogative pronoun \"What\" used to ask a question.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"who-pronoun","name":"Who pronoun","label":"1.1.4.7.1","description":"The relative pronoun \"Who\" used to introduce a relative clause.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"whom","name":"Whom","label":"1.1.4.7.2","description":"The relative pronoun \"Whom\" used to introduce a relative clause.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"whose","name":"Whose","label":"1.1.4.7.3","description":"The relative pronoun \"Whose\" used to introduce a relative clause.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"which","name":"Which","label":"1.1.4.7.4","description":"The relative pronoun \"Which\" used to introduce a relative clause.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"that-relative-clause","name":"That relative clause","label":"1.1.4.7.5","description":"The relative pronoun \"That\" used to introduce a relative clause.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"some-series-indefinite-pronouns","name":"Some-series Indefinite Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.8.1","description":"Indefinite pronouns that start with \"some-\" indicating non-specific but affirmative context (e.g., someone, something).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"any-series-indefinite-pronouns","name":"Any-series Indefinite Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.8.2","description":"Indefinite pronouns that start with \"any-\" often used in questions or negatives (e.g., anyone, anything).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"every-series-indefinite-pronouns","name":"Every-series Indefinite Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.8.3","description":"Indefinite pronouns that start with \"every-\" indicating inclusivity of all members (e.g., everyone, everything).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"no-series-indefinite-pronouns","name":"No-series Indefinite Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.8.4","description":"Indefinite pronouns that start with \"no-\" indicating the absence of people or things (e.g., nobody, nothing).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"other-indefinite-pronouns","name":"Other Indefinite Pronouns","label":"1.1.4.8.5","description":"Other common indefinite pronouns that do not follow the above patterns (e.g., none, one, another, few, many, several, all).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"someone","name":"Someone","label":"1.1.4.8.1.1","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Someone\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"somebody","name":"Somebody","label":"1.1.4.8.1.2","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Somebody\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"something","name":"Something","label":"1.1.4.8.1.3","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Something\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"somewhere","name":"Somewhere","label":"1.1.4.8.1.4","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Somewhere\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"anyone","name":"Anyone","label":"1.1.4.8.2.1","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Anyone\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"anybody","name":"Anybody","label":"1.1.4.8.2.2","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Anybody\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"anything","name":"Anything","label":"1.1.4.8.2.3","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Anything\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"anywhere","name":"Anywhere","label":"1.1.4.8.2.4","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Anywhere\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"everyone","name":"Everyone","label":"1.1.4.8.3.1","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Everyone\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"everybody","name":"Everybody","label":"1.1.4.8.3.2","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Everybody\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"everything","name":"Everything","label":"1.1.4.8.3.3","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Everything\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"everywhere","name":"Everywhere","label":"1.1.4.8.3.4","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Everywhere\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"no-one","name":"No one","label":"1.1.4.8.4.1","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"No one\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"nobody","name":"Nobody","label":"1.1.4.8.4.2","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Nobody\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"nothing","name":"Nothing","label":"1.1.4.8.4.3","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Nothing\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"nowhere","name":"Nowhere","label":"1.1.4.8.4.4","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Nowhere\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"none","name":"None","label":"1.1.4.8.5.1","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"None\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"one-generic","name":"One (generic)","label":"1.1.4.8.5.2","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"One\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"another","name":"Another","label":"1.1.4.8.5.3","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Another\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"others","name":"Others","label":"1.1.4.8.5.4","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Others\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"few-as-pronoun","name":"Few (as pronoun)","label":"1.1.4.8.5.5","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Few\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"many-as-pronoun","name":"Many (as pronoun)","label":"1.1.4.8.5.6","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Many\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"several","name":"Several","label":"1.1.4.8.5.7","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"Several\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"all-as-pronoun","name":"All (as pronoun)","label":"1.1.4.8.5.8","description":"The indefinite pronoun \"All\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverbs-of-manner","name":"Adverbs of Manner","label":"1.1.5.1","description":"Adverbs that describe how an action is performed (e.g., \"quickly\", \"slowly\", \"happily\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverbs-of-time","name":"Adverbs of Time","label":"1.1.5.2","description":"Adverbs that tell when or how often something happens (e.g., \"now\", \"yesterday\", \"often\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverbs-of-place","name":"Adverbs of Place","label":"1.1.5.3","description":"Adverbs that tell where an action occurs (e.g., \"here\", \"everywhere\", \"outside\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverbs-of-frequency","name":"Adverbs of Frequency","label":"1.1.5.4","description":"Adverbs that indicate how often an action occurs (e.g., \"always\", \"sometimes\", \"never\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverbs-of-degree","name":"Adverbs of Degree","label":"1.1.5.5","description":"Adverbs that indicate the intensity or degree of an action, adjective, or another adverb (e.g., \"very\", \"quite\", \"extremely\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"conjunctive-adverbs","name":"Conjunctive Adverbs","label":"1.1.5.6","description":"Adverbs that link clauses or sentences by expressing relationships like contrast, cause, sequence (e.g., \"however\", \"therefore\", \"meanwhile\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"relative-adverbs","name":"Relative Adverbs","label":"1.1.5.7","description":"Adverbs like \"where\", \"when\", \"why\" that introduce relative clauses (e.g., \"the reason why...\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"interrogative-adverbs","name":"Interrogative Adverbs","label":"1.1.5.8","description":"Adverbs used to ask questions about manner, time, place, or reason (e.g., \"how\", \"when\", \"where\", \"why\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comparative-adverbs","name":"Comparative Adverbs","label":"1.1.5.9","description":"Forms of adverbs used to compare two actions or qualities (e.g., \"more quickly\", \"faster\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"superlative-adverbs","name":"Superlative Adverbs","label":"1.1.5.10","description":"Forms of adverbs used to compare three or more actions or qualities, indicating the highest degree (e.g., \"most quickly\", \"fastest\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverb-placement","name":"Adverb Placement","label":"1.1.5.11","description":"Rules and conventions for positioning adverbs in a sentence (e.g., beginning, mid-position, or end of a sentence).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"irregular-adverb-forms","name":"Irregular Adverb Forms","label":"1.1.5.9.1","description":"Adverbs with irregular comparative and superlative forms (e.g., well, badly).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"well-better-best","name":"Well -> Better/Best","label":"1.1.5.9.1.1","description":"The irregular comparative/superlative for \"well\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"badly-worse-worst","name":"Badly -> Worse/Worst","label":"1.1.5.9.1.2","description":"The irregular comparative/superlative for \"badly\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"far-adv-farther-farthest","name":"Far (adv) -> Farther/Farthest","label":"1.1.5.9.1.3","description":"The irregular comparative for \"far\" (distance) â€“ also \"further/furthest\" used more abstractly.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"much-more-most","name":"Much -> More/Most","label":"1.1.5.9.1.4","description":"The irregular comparative/superlative for \"much\" (as an adverb of degree).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"little-less-least","name":"Little -> Less/Least","label":"1.1.5.9.1.5","description":"The irregular comparative/superlative for \"little\" (as an adverb of degree).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositions-of-time","name":"Prepositions of Time","label":"1.1.6.1","description":"Prepositions that indicate time relationships (e.g., \"at\" 5 o'clock, \"on\" Monday, \"in\" 2020).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositions-of-place","name":"Prepositions of Place","label":"1.1.6.2","description":"Prepositions that indicate location or position (e.g., \"at\" the park, \"in\" the box, \"on\" the table).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositions-of-movement","name":"Prepositions of Movement","label":"1.1.6.3","description":"Prepositions that indicate direction or movement (e.g., \"to\" the store, \"into\" the room, \"across\" the street).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositions-of-manner-instrument-agent","name":"Prepositions of Manner/Instrument/Agent","label":"1.1.6.4","description":"Prepositions that indicate manner, means, or agent (e.g., \"with\" a tool, \"by\" an author in passive construction).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositions-of-cause-purpose","name":"Prepositions of Cause/Purpose","label":"1.1.6.5","description":"Prepositions that indicate reason or purpose (e.g., \"because of\" the rain, \"for\" his health).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"phrasal-prepositions","name":"Phrasal Prepositions","label":"1.1.6.6","description":"Multi-word prepositional expressions (e.g., \"according to\", \"in front of\", \"due to\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositional-phrases","name":"Prepositional Phrases","label":"1.1.6.7","description":"Groups of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun/pronoun, functioning as adjectives or adverbs (e.g., \"on the table\", \"after dinner\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"at","name":"At","label":"1.1.6.1.1","description":"Preposition used for time expressions (e.g., \"at 5 o'clock\", \"at Monday\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"on","name":"On","label":"1.1.6.1.2","description":"Preposition used for time expressions (e.g., \"on 5 o'clock\", \"on Monday\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"in","name":"In","label":"1.1.6.1.3","description":"Preposition used for time expressions (e.g., \"in 5 o'clock\", \"in Monday\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"by-time-expressions","name":"By time expressions","label":"1.1.6.1.4","description":"Preposition used for time expressions (e.g., \"by 5 o'clock\", \"by Monday\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"during","name":"During","label":"1.1.6.1.5","description":"Preposition used for time expressions (e.g., \"during 5 o'clock\", \"during Monday\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"at-location","name":"At (location)","label":"1.1.6.2.1","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"at\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"in-location","name":"In (location)","label":"1.1.6.2.2","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"in\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"on-location","name":"On (location)","label":"1.1.6.2.3","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"on\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"under","name":"Under","label":"1.1.6.2.4","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"under\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"over","name":"Over","label":"1.1.6.2.5","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"over\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"between","name":"Between","label":"1.1.6.2.6","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"between\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"near","name":"Near","label":"1.1.6.2.7","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"near\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"inside","name":"Inside","label":"1.1.6.2.8","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"inside\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"outside","name":"Outside","label":"1.1.6.2.9","description":"Preposition indicating place or position (e.g., \"outside\" usage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"to","name":"To","label":"1.1.6.3.1","description":"Preposition indicating movement or direction (e.g., \"to the room\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"into","name":"Into","label":"1.1.6.3.2","description":"Preposition indicating movement or direction (e.g., \"into the room\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"out-of-preposition","name":"Out of Preposition","label":"1.1.6.3.3","description":"Preposition indicating movement or direction (e.g., \"out of the room\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"through","name":"Through","label":"1.1.6.3.4","description":"Preposition indicating movement or direction (e.g., \"through the room\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"across","name":"Across","label":"1.1.6.3.5","description":"Preposition indicating movement or direction (e.g., \"across the room\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"toward","name":"Toward","label":"1.1.6.3.6","description":"Preposition indicating movement or direction (e.g., \"toward the door\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"by","name":"By","label":"1.1.6.4.1","description":"Preposition indicating manner, instrument, or agent (e.g., \"by hand\", \"by a knife\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"with","name":"With","label":"1.1.6.4.2","description":"Preposition indicating manner, instrument, or agent (e.g., \"with hand\", \"with a knife\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"without","name":"Without","label":"1.1.6.4.3","description":"Preposition indicating manner, instrument, or agent (e.g., \"without hand\", \"without a knife\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"like","name":"Like","label":"1.1.6.4.4","description":"Preposition indicating manner, instrument, or agent (e.g., \"like hand\", \"like a knife\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"for-cause","name":"For cause","label":"1.1.6.5.1","description":"Preposition indicating cause or purpose (e.g., \"for his health\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"because-of","name":"Because of","label":"1.1.6.5.2","description":"Preposition indicating cause or purpose (e.g., \"because of his health\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"due-to-preposition","name":"Due to Preposition","label":"1.1.6.5.3","description":"Preposition indicating cause or purpose (e.g., \"due to his health\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"according-to","name":"According to","label":"1.1.6.6.1","description":"A multi-word preposition (e.g., \"according to\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"in-spite-of","name":"In spite of","label":"1.1.6.6.2","description":"A multi-word preposition (e.g., \"in spite of\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"on-behalf-of","name":"On behalf of","label":"1.1.6.6.3","description":"A multi-word preposition (e.g., \"on behalf of\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"due-to","name":"Due to","label":"1.1.6.6.4","description":"A multi-word preposition (e.g., \"due to\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"out-of","name":"Out of","label":"1.1.6.6.5","description":"A multi-word preposition (e.g., \"out of\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"coordinating-conjunctions","name":"Coordinating Conjunctions","label":"1.1.7.1","description":"Single-word conjunctions that connect grammatical elements of equal rank (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"subordinating-conjunctions","name":"Subordinating Conjunctions","label":"1.1.7.2","description":"Conjunctions that connect a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent clause, introducing adverbial clauses (e.g., because, if, although).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"correlative-conjunctions","name":"Correlative Conjunctions","label":"1.1.7.3","description":"Paired conjunctions that work together (e.g., either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also, whether/or).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"for","name":"For","label":"1.1.7.1.1","description":"\"For\" - introduces a reason (coordinating conjunction meaning 'because').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"and","name":"And","label":"1.1.7.1.2","description":"\"And\" - adds one idea to another.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"nor","name":"Nor","label":"1.1.7.1.3","description":"\"Nor\" - presents an additional negative idea (used after a negative clause).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"but","name":"But","label":"1.1.7.1.4","description":"\"But\" - shows contrast.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"or","name":"Or","label":"1.1.7.1.5","description":"\"Or\" - presents an alternative or choice.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"yet","name":"Yet","label":"1.1.7.1.6","description":"\"Yet\" - presents a contrast or unexpected outcome (similar to 'but').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"so","name":"So","label":"1.1.7.1.7","description":"\"So\" - indicates a result or effect.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"either-or","name":"Either/Or","label":"1.1.7.3.1","description":"Correlative conjunction pair used to present two alternatives (e.g., \"Either you win or you lose\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"neither-nor","name":"Neither/Nor","label":"1.1.7.3.2","description":"Correlative pair presenting two negatives or untrue alternatives (e.g., \"Neither the cat nor the dog is awake\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"both-and","name":"Both/And","label":"1.1.7.3.3","description":"Correlative pair emphasizing two included elements (e.g., \"Both Alice and Bob are coming\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"not-only-but-also","name":"Not only/But also","label":"1.1.7.3.4","description":"Correlative pair used to emphasize an additional element (e.g., \"Not only is he smart, but he is also kind\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"whether-or","name":"Whether/Or","label":"1.1.7.3.5","description":"Correlative pair used to present alternatives, often in indirect speech or questions (e.g., \"I don't know whether to laugh or cry\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"greeting-interjections","name":"Greeting Interjections","label":"1.1.8.1","description":"Interjections used for greetings or to acknowledge presence (e.g., \"Hello!\", \"Hi!\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"joy-interjections","name":"Joy Interjections","label":"1.1.8.2","description":"Interjections expressing happiness, delight, or triumph (e.g., \"Hurrah!\", \"Yay!\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"surprise-interjections","name":"Surprise Interjections","label":"1.1.8.3","description":"Interjections expressing surprise or amazement (e.g., \"Oh!\", \"Wow!\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"pain-discomfort-interjections","name":"Pain/Discomfort Interjections","label":"1.1.8.4","description":"Interjections used when experiencing pain or discomfort (e.g., \"Ouch!\", \"Ow!\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"disgust-disapproval-interjections","name":"Disgust/Disapproval Interjections","label":"1.1.8.5","description":"Interjections expressing disgust or disapproval (e.g., \"Ugh!\", \"Yuck!\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"sentence-types","name":"Sentence Types","label":"1.2.1","description":"Classification of sentences by purpose: statements, questions, commands, or exclamations.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"sentence-structures","name":"Sentence Structures","label":"1.2.2","description":"Classification of sentences by their clause structure: simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"clauses","name":"Clauses","label":"1.2.3","description":"Groups of words with a subject and predicate; includes independent (main) and dependent (subordinate) clauses.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"phrases","name":"Phrases","label":"1.2.4","description":"Groups of words that act as a unit (smaller than clauses); e.g., noun phrases, verb phrases.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"word-order","name":"Word Order","label":"1.2.5","description":"The typical arrangement of words in sentences (e.g., Subject-Verb-Object in English) and variations thereof.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"subject-verb-agreement","name":"Subject-Verb Agreement","label":"1.2.6","description":"Grammatical rule where the verb form matches the subject in person and number.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"negation","name":"Negation","label":"1.2.7","description":"Grammatical constructions for expressing negation, typically using \"not\" or negative words.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"question-tags","name":"Question Tags","label":"1.2.8","description":"Short questions added to the end of statements for confirmation or emphasis (e.g., \"isn't it?\", \"right?\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"direct-and-indirect-speech","name":"Direct and Indirect Speech","label":"1.2.9","description":"Ways to report speech: quoting exact words (direct) or paraphrasing without quotes (indirect/reported speech).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"declarative-sentence","name":"Declarative Sentence","label":"1.2.1.1","description":"A sentence that makes a statement or expresses an opinion, ending with a period.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"interrogative-sentence","name":"Interrogative Sentence","label":"1.2.1.2","description":"A sentence that asks a question, typically ending with a question mark.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"imperative-sentence","name":"Imperative Sentence","label":"1.2.1.3","description":"A sentence that gives a command, request, or instruction; often has an implied subject \"you\".","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"exclamatory-sentence","name":"Exclamatory Sentence","label":"1.2.1.4","description":"A sentence that expresses strong emotion or surprise, ending with an exclamation mark.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"simple-sentence","name":"Simple Sentence","label":"1.2.2.1","description":"A sentence consisting of a single independent clause (e.g., \"She ran home.\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compound-sentence","name":"Compound Sentence","label":"1.2.2.2","description":"A sentence with two or more coordinated independent clauses, usually joined by a conjunction or semicolon (e.g., \"She ran home, and he followed.\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"complex-sentence","name":"Complex Sentence","label":"1.2.2.3","description":"A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause (e.g., \"She ran home because it was late.\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compound-complex-sentence","name":"Compound-Complex Sentence","label":"1.2.2.4","description":"A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., \"She ran home, and he followed because it was late.\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"independent-clause","name":"Independent Clause","label":"1.2.3.1","description":"A clause that can stand alone as a sentence; contains a subject and predicate and expresses a complete thought.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"dependent-clause","name":"Dependent Clause","label":"1.2.3.2","description":"A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a larger sentence.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"noun-clauses","name":"Noun Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.1","description":"Dependent clauses that function as nouns in a sentence (e.g., \"what he said\" in \"I heard what he said.\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adjective-clauses-relative-clauses","name":"Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)","label":"1.2.3.2.2","description":"Dependent clauses that function as adjectives, usually introduced by relative pronouns (e.g., \"who\", \"that\" in \"the person who left\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverbial-clauses","name":"Adverbial Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.3","description":"Dependent clauses that function as adverbs, indicating time, reason, condition, etc. (e.g., \"when he arrives\" in \"We'll start when he arrives.\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"restrictive-relative-clauses","name":"Restrictive Relative Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.2.1","description":"Relative clauses essential to the meaning of the sentence, not set off by commas (also called defining clauses).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"nonrestrictive-relative-clauses","name":"Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.2.2","description":"Relative clauses that provide additional, non-essential information and are set off by commas (also called non-defining clauses).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"time-clauses","name":"Time Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.3.1","description":"Adverbial clauses that indicate time (e.g., \"when he arrived\", \"after the show ended\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"conditional-clauses","name":"Conditional Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.3.2","description":"Adverbial clauses that express conditions (often introduced by \"if\" or \"unless\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"purpose-clauses","name":"Purpose Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.3.3","description":"Adverbial clauses that express purpose (often introduced by \"so that\" or \"in order 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introduced by \"as\", \"like\", \"as if\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"zero-conditional","name":"Zero Conditional","label":"1.2.3.2.3.2.1","description":"Conditional form expressing general truths or habits (if + present tense, ... present tense).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"first-conditional","name":"First Conditional","label":"1.2.3.2.3.2.2","description":"Conditional form expressing a real future possibility (if + present tense, ... will + base verb).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"second-conditional","name":"Second Conditional","label":"1.2.3.2.3.2.3","description":"Conditional form expressing an unreal or hypothetical present/future (if + past tense, ... would + base verb).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"third-conditional","name":"Third Conditional","label":"1.2.3.2.3.2.4","description":"Conditional form expressing an unreal past situation (if + past perfect, ... would have + past participle).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"mixed-conditional","name":"Mixed 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Order","label":"1.2.5.1","description":"The default English sentence order: Subject-Verb-Object (e.g., \"The cat (S) ate (V) the mouse (O)\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"yes-no-question-order","name":"Yes/No Question Order","label":"1.2.5.2","description":"Word order for yes/no questions, typically involving auxiliary inversion (e.g., \"Are you coming?\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"wh-question-order","name":"Wh- Question Order","label":"1.2.5.3","description":"Word order for wh- questions, where a wh-word is fronted and auxiliary inversion occurs (e.g., \"What are you doing?\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"indirect-question-order","name":"Indirect Question Order","label":"1.2.5.4","description":"Word order in embedded questions, where the subject comes before the verb (no inversion, e.g., \"I wonder what you are doing.\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"order-of-adverbs","name":"Order of Adverbs","label":"1.2.5.5","description":"Conventions for positioning adverbs (e.g., frequency adverbs usually before main verbs, manner adverbs typically after objects).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"inversion-in-special-cases","name":"Inversion in Special Cases","label":"1.2.5.6","description":"Word order inversion after certain adverbs or in certain structures for emphasis (e.g., \"Never have I seen such chaos\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"existential-there-construction","name":"Existential There Construction","label":"1.2.5.7","description":"Sentences beginning with \"There is/are...\" to introduce or mention the existence of something.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"cleft-sentences","name":"Cleft Sentences","label":"1.2.5.8","description":"Sentence structures (it-cleft or wh-cleft) used to emphasize a particular part of the sentence (e.g., \"It was John who broke the vase\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"double-negatives-non-standard","name":"Double Negatives (Non-Standard)","label":"1.2.7.1","description":"Using two negatives in one clause (e.g., \"I don't have no money\") is generally considered incorrect in standard English.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"direct-speech","name":"Direct Speech","label":"1.2.9.1","description":"Quoting spoken words exactly as said, usually within quotation marks.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"indirect-speech-reported-speech","name":"Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)","label":"1.2.9.2","description":"Paraphrasing spoken words without quoting exactly, often with changes in pronouns and tense.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"sequence-of-tenses-in-reported-speech","name":"Sequence of Tenses in Reported Speech","label":"1.2.9.2.1","description":"Tense backshift that often occurs when changing from direct to indirect speech (e.g., present -> past).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"pronoun-and-time-changes-in-reported-speech","name":"Pronoun and Time Changes in Reported Speech","label":"1.2.9.2.2","description":"Changes in pronouns, time, and place references when converting to indirect speech (e.g., 'today' -> 'that day').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"positive-statement-negative-tag","name":"Positive Statement, Negative Tag","label":"1.2.8.1","description":"Rule that a positive statement is followed by a negative question tag (e.g., \"You're coming, aren't you?\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"negative-statement-positive-tag","name":"Negative Statement, Positive Tag","label":"1.2.8.2","description":"Rule that a negative statement is followed by a positive question tag (e.g., \"She isn't here, is she?\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"agreement-with-indefinite-pronouns","name":"Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns","label":"1.2.6.1","description":"Most singular indefinite pronouns (everyone, each, etc.) take singular verbs (e.g., \"Everyone is here\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"agreement-with-collective-nouns","name":"Agreement with Collective Nouns","label":"1.2.6.2","description":"Collective nouns can take singular or plural verbs depending on whether the group is considered a unit or individuals (e.g., \"The team is winning\" vs \"The team are wearing their jerseys\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"inflectional-morphemes","name":"Inflectional Morphemes","label":"1.3.1","description":"Word endings that provide grammatical information (e.g., plural -s, past tense -ed) without changing the word's core meaning or part of speech.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"derivational-morphemes","name":"Derivational Morphemes","label":"1.3.2","description":"Prefixes and suffixes that create new words or change the part of speech or meaning of words (e.g., un-, -ness).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compounding","name":"Compounding","label":"1.3.3","description":"The process of forming new words by combining two or more independent words (e.g., \"toothpaste\", \"bookstore\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"other-word-formation-processes","name":"Other Word Formation Processes","label":"1.3.4","description":"Additional ways new words are formed in English (e.g., conversion, clipping, blending, acronyms).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"plural-s","name":"Plural -s","label":"1.3.1.1","description":"Noun inflection to indicate more than one (regular plural form, e.g., cats). Irregular plurals follow different patterns (mice, children).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possessive-s","name":"Possessive -'s","label":"1.3.1.2","description":"Noun inflection to indicate ownership ('s or just ' for plural nouns ending in -s, e.g., the girl's book, the teachers' lounge).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"3rd-person-singular-s","name":"3rd Person Singular -s","label":"1.3.1.3","description":"Verb inflection in present tense for third person singular subjects (he/she/it runs).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-tense-ed","name":"Past Tense -ed","label":"1.3.1.4","description":"Verb inflection for regular past tense (e.g., walked). Irregular verbs have unique past forms (e.g., sang).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-participle-e-d-en","name":"Past Participle (-(e)d/ -en)","label":"1.3.1.5","description":"Verb inflection for the past participle, used in perfect tenses and passive voice (e.g., has walked, has spoken). Regular verbs use -ed; irregular verbs often use -en or other forms.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-participle-ing","name":"Present Participle -ing","label":"1.3.1.6","description":"Verb inflection forming the gerund or continuous tense form (e.g., running, being).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comparative-er","name":"Comparative -er","label":"1.3.1.7","description":"Adjective inflection to compare two items (e.g., taller). Some adjectives form the comparative with \"more\" or have irregular forms (better).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"superlative-est","name":"Superlative -est","label":"1.3.1.8","description":"Adjective inflection to compare three or more items, indicating the highest degree (e.g., tallest). Some adjectives form the superlative with \"most\" or have irregular forms (best).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prefixes","name":"Prefixes","label":"1.3.2.1","description":"Common prefixes added to the beginning of words to alter their meaning.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"suffixes","name":"Suffixes","label":"1.3.2.2","description":"Common suffixes added to the end of words to alter their meaning or part of speech.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"un","name":"un-","label":"1.3.2.1.1","description":"A prefix meaning \"not\" or the opposite of (e.g., unhappy, unlock).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"re","name":"re-","label":"1.3.2.1.2","description":"A prefix meaning \"again\" or \"back\" (e.g., rewrite, return).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"in-im-il-ir","name":"in-/im-/il-/ir-","label":"1.3.2.1.3","description":"A prefix meaning \"not\" (appears as im- before b/m/p, il- before l, ir- before r; e.g., impossible, illegal, irregular).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"dis","name":"dis-","label":"1.3.2.1.4","description":"A prefix meaning \"not\", \"apart\", or opposite of (e.g., dislike, disconnect).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"mis","name":"mis-","label":"1.3.2.1.5","description":"A prefix meaning \"wrongly\" or \"badly\" (e.g., misunderstand, misuse).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"non","name":"non-","label":"1.3.2.1.6","description":"A prefix meaning \"not\" or absence (e.g., nonviolent, nonissue).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"pre","name":"pre-","label":"1.3.2.1.7","description":"A prefix meaning \"before\" (e.g., preheat, prewar).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"post","name":"post-","label":"1.3.2.1.8","description":"A prefix meaning \"after\" (e.g., postwar, postscript).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"sub","name":"sub-","label":"1.3.2.1.9","description":"A prefix meaning \"under\", \"below\" (e.g., submarine, substandard).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"super","name":"super-","label":"1.3.2.1.10","description":"A prefix meaning \"above\", \"beyond\" (e.g., superhuman, superimpose).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"inter","name":"inter-","label":"1.3.2.1.11","description":"A prefix meaning \"between\", \"among\" (e.g., international, interact).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"trans","name":"trans-","label":"1.3.2.1.12","description":"A prefix meaning \"across\", \"through\" (e.g., transatlantic, translate).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"co","name":"co-","label":"1.3.2.1.13","description":"A prefix meaning \"together\" or \"jointly\" (e.g., co-author, cooperate).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"anti","name":"anti-","label":"1.3.2.1.14","description":"A prefix meaning \"against\" or \"opposite\" (e.g., antiwar, anti-clockwise).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"de","name":"de-","label":"1.3.2.1.15","description":"A prefix meaning \"remove\" or \"reverse\" or \"down\" (e.g., defrost, degrade).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"en-em","name":"en-/em-","label":"1.3.2.1.16","description":"A prefix meaning \"cause to be\" or \"put into\" (e.g., enable, embrace).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ex","name":"ex-","label":"1.3.2.1.17","description":"A prefix meaning \"former\" or \"out of\" (e.g., ex-president, extract).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"pro","name":"pro-","label":"1.3.2.1.18","description":"A prefix meaning \"forward\" or \"in favor of\" (e.g., propel, pro-democracy).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"auto","name":"auto-","label":"1.3.2.1.19","description":"A prefix meaning \"self\" or \"own\" (e.g., autobiography, autonomous).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"semi","name":"semi-","label":"1.3.2.1.20","description":"A prefix meaning \"half\" or \"partly\" (e.g., semicircle, semi-conscious).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"bi-di","name":"bi-/di-","label":"1.3.2.1.21","description":"A prefix meaning \"two\" (bi- from Latin, di- from Greek; e.g., bilingual, dioxide).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"uni","name":"uni-","label":"1.3.2.1.22","description":"A prefix meaning \"one\" or \"single\" (e.g., unicycle, universal).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"multi","name":"multi-","label":"1.3.2.1.23","description":"A prefix meaning \"many\" or \"multiple\" (e.g., multicolored, multilingual).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"hyper","name":"hyper-","label":"1.3.2.1.24","description":"A prefix meaning \"excessive\" or \"beyond\" (e.g., hyperactive, hypertension).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"hypo","name":"hypo-","label":"1.3.2.1.25","description":"A prefix meaning \"under\" or \"below normal\" (e.g., hypothermia, hypoglycemia).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"micro","name":"micro-","label":"1.3.2.1.26","description":"A prefix meaning \"small\" or \"minute\" (e.g., microscope, microchip).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"macro","name":"macro-","label":"1.3.2.1.27","description":"A prefix meaning \"large\" or \"overall\" (e.g., macroeconomics, macroscopic).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"mono","name":"mono-","label":"1.3.2.1.28","description":"A prefix meaning \"one\", \"single\" (e.g., monologue, monorail).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"poly","name":"poly-","label":"1.3.2.1.29","description":"A prefix meaning \"many\" (e.g., polygon, polytheistic).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"tele","name":"tele-","label":"1.3.2.1.30","description":"A prefix meaning \"distant\" or \"from afar\" (e.g., telephone, telepathy).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"pseudo","name":"pseudo-","label":"1.3.2.1.31","description":"A prefix meaning \"false\" or \"imitation\" (e.g., pseudoscience, pseudonym).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"neo","name":"neo-","label":"1.3.2.1.32","description":"A prefix meaning \"new\" or \"revived\" (e.g., neo-classical, neonatal).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"contra-counter","name":"contra-/counter-","label":"1.3.2.1.33","description":"A prefix meaning \"against\" or \"opposite\" (e.g., contradict, counteract).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"noun-suffixes","name":"Noun Suffixes","label":"1.3.2.2.1","description":"Suffixes that form nouns from other words (e.g., -ness, -tion).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verb-suffixes","name":"Verb Suffixes","label":"1.3.2.2.2","description":"Suffixes that form verbs, often from adjectives or nouns (e.g., -ize, -ify).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adjective-suffixes","name":"Adjective Suffixes","label":"1.3.2.2.3","description":"Suffixes that form adjectives (e.g., -ful, -less, -ous).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverb-suffixes","name":"Adverb Suffixes","label":"1.3.2.2.4","description":"Suffixes that form adverbs (usually from adjectives, e.g., -ly).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ness","name":"-ness","label":"1.3.2.2.1.1","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating a state, quality, or condition (e.g., happiness from happy).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ity","name":"-ity","label":"1.3.2.2.1.2","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms abstract nouns indicating a state or quality (e.g., purity from pure).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"tion-sion","name":"-tion/-sion","label":"1.3.2.2.1.3","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns from verbs, indicating an action, process, or result (e.g., creation from create, decision from decide).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ment","name":"-ment","label":"1.3.2.2.1.4","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns from verbs indicating an action or resulting state (e.g., development from develop).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"er-or","name":"-er/-or","label":"1.3.2.2.1.5","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating a person or thing that performs an action (e.g., teacher, actor).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ist","name":"-ist","label":"1.3.2.2.1.6","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating a person who practices or is concerned with something (e.g., artist, pianist).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ism","name":"-ism","label":"1.3.2.2.1.7","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating a doctrine, belief, or practice (e.g., realism, optimism).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"age","name":"-age","label":"1.3.2.2.1.8","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns often meaning a collection or result (e.g., baggage, breakage).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ship","name":"-ship","label":"1.3.2.2.1.9","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating status, condition, or skill (e.g., friendship, leadership).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"hood","name":"-hood","label":"1.3.2.2.1.10","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating a state, condition, or group (e.g., childhood, neighborhood).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ance-ence","name":"-ance/-ence","label":"1.3.2.2.1.11","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating an action, state, or quality (e.g., attendance, persistence).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"acy","name":"-acy","label":"1.3.2.2.1.12","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns indicating state or quality (e.g., democracy, privacy).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ure","name":"-ure","label":"1.3.2.2.1.13","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns typically from verbs indicating action, result, or instrument (e.g., closure from close).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ess","name":"-ess","label":"1.3.2.2.1.14","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms feminine nouns (e.g., actress, lioness).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"let","name":"-let","label":"1.3.2.2.1.15","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns meaning a small version (diminutive) (e.g., booklet, piglet).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ling","name":"-ling","label":"1.3.2.2.1.16","description":"A noun-forming suffix that forms nouns often as diminutives or relating to (e.g., duckling, underling).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ize-ise","name":"-ize/-ise","label":"1.3.2.2.2.1","description":"A verb-forming suffix that forms verbs meaning to make or to subject to (e.g., finalize, modernise).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ify","name":"-ify","label":"1.3.2.2.2.2","description":"A verb-forming suffix that forms verbs meaning to make or cause to become (e.g., clarify, solidify).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"en","name":"-en","label":"1.3.2.2.2.3","description":"A verb-forming suffix that forms verbs meaning to become or cause to be (often from adjectives, e.g., widen, strengthen).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ate","name":"-ate","label":"1.3.2.2.2.4","description":"A verb-forming suffix that forms verbs often meaning to cause to be or to perform (e.g., activate, regulate).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ful","name":"-ful","label":"1.3.2.2.3.1","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"full of\" or \"characterized by\" (e.g., hopeful, beautiful).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"less","name":"-less","label":"1.3.2.2.3.2","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"without\" (e.g., hopeless, fearless).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ous","name":"-ous","label":"1.3.2.2.3.3","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"full of\" or having the nature of (e.g., joyous, porous).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"al","name":"-al","label":"1.3.2.2.3.4","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"relating to\" (e.g., cultural, personal).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ive","name":"-ive","label":"1.3.2.2.3.5","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives indicating a tendency or quality (e.g., active, creative).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"able-ible","name":"-able/-ible","label":"1.3.2.2.3.6","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"capable of\" or \"worthy of\" (e.g., readable, visible).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ic","name":"-ic","label":"1.3.2.2.3.7","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"relating to\" or \"characterized by\" (e.g., heroic, academic).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ical","name":"-ical","label":"1.3.2.2.3.8","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives (often equivalent to -ic forms, e.g., historical, magical).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ish","name":"-ish","label":"1.3.2.2.3.9","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"somewhat\" or \"like\" (e.g., childish, yellowish).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ary","name":"-ary","label":"1.3.2.2.3.10","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"relating to\" or \"connected with\" (e.g., monetary, revolutionary).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"y","name":"-y","label":"1.3.2.2.3.11","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"characterized by\" or \"inclined to\" (e.g., rainy, sleepy).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adjective-like","name":"adjective-like","label":"1.3.2.2.3.12","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"similar to\" or \"resembling\" (e.g., childlike, birdlike).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"esque","name":"-esque","label":"1.3.2.2.3.13","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"in the style of\" or \"resembling\" (e.g., grotesque, Kafkaesque).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adjective-en","name":"adjective-en","label":"1.3.2.2.3.14","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives meaning \"made of\" or \"resembling\" (e.g., golden, wooden).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ian-an","name":"-ian/-an","label":"1.3.2.2.3.15","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives (and demonyms) meaning \"relating to\" or \"from\" (e.g., Victorian, American).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"some","name":"-some","label":"1.3.2.2.3.16","description":"An adjective-forming suffix that forms adjectives indicating a quality, often tendency (e.g., bothersome, lonesome).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ly","name":"-ly","label":"1.3.2.2.4.1","description":"An adverb-forming suffix that forms adverbs from adjectives, indicating manner (e.g., quickly, happily).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"ward-wards","name":"-ward/-wards","label":"1.3.2.2.4.2","description":"An adverb-forming suffix that forms adverbs indicating direction (e.g., forward(s), backwards).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"wise","name":"-wise","label":"1.3.2.2.4.3","description":"An adverb-forming suffix that forms adverbs meaning \"in the manner of\" or \"with respect to\" (e.g., clockwise, lengthwise).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compound-nouns","name":"Compound Nouns","label":"1.3.3.1","description":"Compound words functioning as nouns, formed by combining two or more words (e.g., toothpaste, raincoat).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compound-adjectives","name":"Compound Adjectives","label":"1.3.3.2","description":"Compound words functioning as adjectives, often hyphenated (e.g., well-known, part-time).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"compound-verbs","name":"Compound Verbs","label":"1.3.3.3","description":"Compound words functioning as verbs (e.g., to babysit, to test-drive).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"conversion-zero-derivation","name":"Conversion (Zero Derivation)","label":"1.3.4.1","description":"Creating a new word by changing the part of speech without altering the form (e.g., \"to text\" from the noun \"text\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"clipping","name":"Clipping","label":"1.3.4.2","description":"Creating a new word by shortening a longer word (e.g., \"info\" from \"information\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"blending","name":"Blending","label":"1.3.4.3","description":"Forming a new word by merging parts of two words (e.g., \"smog\" from \"smoke\" + \"fog\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"acronyms-and-initialisms","name":"Acronyms and Initialisms","label":"1.3.4.4","description":"Forming words from the initial letters of a phrase (acronyms are pronounced as words, e.g., NATO; initialisms are spelled out, e.g., FBI).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"back-formation","name":"Back-Formation","label":"1.3.4.5","description":"Forming a new word by removing an imagined affix from an existing word (e.g., \"edit\" from \"editor\", \"beg\" from \"beggar\").","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"punctuation","name":"Punctuation (Signalling Meaning & Structure)","label":"1.4","description":"Using symbols to structure sentences and clarify meaning. Essential for reading and writing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"sentence-endings","name":"Sentence Endings","label":"1.4.1","description":"Marks used to show when a complete thought (a sentence) finishes.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"period","name":"Period (.)","label":"1.4.1.1","description":"Ends a statement or a command. Signals a full stop.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"question-mark","name":"Question Mark (?)","label":"1.4.1.2","description":"Ends a direct question. Signals you are asking something.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"exclamation-mark","name":"Exclamation Mark (!)","label":"1.4.1.3","description":"Ends a sentence showing strong emotion (surprise, excitement, anger). Use sparingly in formal writing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"structuring-within-sentences","name":"Structuring within Sentences","label":"1.4.2","description":"Marks used to separate or connect ideas within a single sentence for clarity.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comma","name":"Comma (,)","label":"1.4.2.1","description":"Used to separate elements within a sentence. Has many uses.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comma-lists","name":"Separating Items in a List","label":"1.4.2.1.1","description":"Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series (e.g., 'I like apples, bananas, and oranges.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comma-independent-clauses","name":"Joining Independent Clauses (with conjunction)","label":"1.4.2.1.2","description":"Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet) that joins two full sentences (independent clauses) (e.g., 'She studied, and she passed.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comma-introductory","name":"After Introductory Elements/Clauses","label":"1.4.2.1.3","description":"Use a comma after an introductory word, phrase, or clause (e.g., 'However, he arrived late.' / 'After the rain stopped, we went out.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"comma-non-essential","name":"Setting off Non-essential Information","label":"1.4.2.1.4","description":"Use commas around phrases or clauses that add extra, non-vital information (non-restrictive elements) (e.g., 'My friend, who lives in Italy, is visiting.'). Removing the info doesn't change the main meaning.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"semicolon","name":"Semicolon (;)","label":"1.4.2.2","description":"Joins two closely related independent clauses (full sentences) without a conjunction. Stronger than a comma, weaker than a period. (e.g., 'The rain was heavy; we decided to stay home.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"colon","name":"Colon (:)","label":"1.4.2.3","description":"Introduces a list, explanation, example, or a long quotation. The part before the colon should usually be a complete sentence. (e.g., 'Bring these items: a notebook, a pen, and water.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possession-omission","name":"Indicating Possession & Omission","label":"1.4.3","description":"Marks used to show ownership or that letters/words are missing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"apostrophe","name":"Apostrophe (')","label":"1.4.3.1","description":"Has two main functions: showing possession and forming contractions.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"apostrophe-possession","name":"Showing Possession","label":"1.4.3.1.1","description":"Shows that something belongs to someone or something (e.g., 'Sarah's car', 'the dog's toy', 'the students' books'). Be careful with plural vs singular possessives.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"apostrophe-contractions","name":"Forming Contractions","label":"1.4.3.1.2","description":"Shows where letters have been omitted in common combined words (e.g., 'it is' -> 'it's', 'do not' -> 'don't', 'I am' -> 'I'm', 'they are' -> 'they're'). Very common in spoken English.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"marking-direct-speech","name":"Marking Direct Speech","label":"1.4.4","description":"Marks used to show the exact words someone said.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"quotation-marks","name":"Quotation Marks (\" \")","label":"1.4.4.1","description":"Enclose direct speech (the exact words spoken or written) (e.g., She said, \"I am ready.\"). Also used for titles of short works.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"joining-clarifying","name":"Joining Words & Clarifying","label":"1.4.5","description":"Marks used to connect words or add extra information.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"hyphen","name":"Hyphen (-)","label":"1.4.5.1","description":"Used to join words together, especially compound adjectives before a noun (e.g., 'a state-of-the-art computer') or in some compound nouns (e.g., 'mother-in-law'). Shorter than a dash.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"parentheses","name":"Parentheses ( )","label":"1.4.5.2","description":"Enclose extra information, comments, or explanations that are not essential to the main sentence (e.g., 'He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he didn't know.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"orthography-spelling","name":"Orthography & Spelling Conventions","label":"1.5","description":"Rules and conventions for writing words correctly in English, including spelling and capitalization.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"spelling-patterns","name":"General Spelling Rules & Patterns","label":"1.5.1","description":"Common patterns and rules that govern English spelling, though exceptions exist.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"spelling-suffixes","name":"Suffix Addition Rules","label":"1.5.1.1","description":"Spelling changes when adding suffixes (e.g., dropping final 'e', doubling consonants, changing 'y' to 'i'). Connects spelling with morphology.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"spelling-plurals","name":"Pluralization Spelling","label":"1.5.1.2","description":"Spelling rules for forming regular and irregular plurals (e.g., -s, -es, -ies, -ves). Connects spelling with morphology.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"spelling-vowel-consonant-patterns","name":"Common Patterns (Vowels/Consonants)","label":"1.5.1.3","description":"General patterns like 'i before e except after c', common silent letters (k, b, h), consonant digraphs (sh, th).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"homophones","name":"Homophones","label":"1.5.2","description":"Words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings, a common source of errors (e.g., to/too/two, their/there/they're, its/it's).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"common-misspellings-list","name":"Commonly Misspelled Words","label":"1.5.3","description":"Focus on specific English words that frequently cause spelling problems for learners (e.g., necessary, separate, believe, receive, environment, government).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"uk-us-spelling-diffs","name":"British vs. American Spelling","label":"1.5.4","description":"Key differences in spelling conventions between British English (BrE) and American English (AmE) (e.g., -or/-our, -ize/-ise, centre/center, colour/color).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"capitalization-rules-ortho","name":"Capitalization Rules","label":"1.5.5","description":"Rules for using capital letters (maiuscole) as part of standard writing conventions.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"cap-start-sentence-ortho","name":"Start of Sentence","label":"1.5.5.1","description":"Capitalize the first word of every sentence.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"cap-pronoun-i-ortho","name":"Pronoun \"I\"","label":"1.5.5.2","description":"The personal pronoun \"I\" is always capitalized.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"cap-proper-nouns-ortho","name":"Proper Nouns","label":"1.5.5.3","description":"Capitalize specific names: people (John), places (London, Italy), organizations (UN), brands (Google), days/months (Monday, June), holidays (Christmas), languages/nationalities (English, French).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"cap-titles-ortho","name":"Titles (Works, People)","label":"1.5.5.4","description":"Capitalize major words in titles of books, articles, etc.; titles used with names (Dr. Smith, Queen Elizabeth).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"cap-acronyms-ortho","name":"Acronyms & Initialisms","label":"1.5.5.5","description":"Capitalize abbreviations formed from initial letters (e.g., NASA, FBI, UK, USA).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"article-choice-rules","name":"Article Choice Rules (Usage)","label":"1.1.3.9.1","description":"How to choose between a/an, the, or no article based on specificity, countability, first/subsequent mentions, and context.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"article-common-errors","name":"Common Article Errors","label":"1.1.3.9.2","description":"Typical mistakes learners make with articles (e.g., generalizing with 'the', omitting 'a/an' with professions, institutional nouns like school/hospital).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"dependent-prepositions-usage","name":"Dependent Prepositions (Usage)","label":"1.1.6.8","description":"Common verbs, adjectives, and nouns followed by specific prepositions (collocations) that must be learned (e.g., interested in, depend on, afraid of).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"common-preposition-errors","name":"Common Preposition Errors","label":"1.1.6.9","description":"Typical mistakes in choosing prepositions, especially confusing pairs or choices related to time, place, and movement.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prep-time-in-on-at-usage","name":"Usage of In/On/At for Time","label":"1.1.6.1.6","description":"Detailed rules, examples, and common errors for choosing between 'in', 'on', and 'at' for time expressions (months, years, days, dates, times).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prep-place-in-on-at-usage","name":"Usage of In/On/At for Place","label":"1.1.6.2.10","description":"Detailed rules, examples, and common errors for choosing between 'in', 'on', and 'at' for locations (areas, surfaces, points).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"count-uncount-usage-rules","name":"Countable/Uncountable Usage Rules","label":"1.1.1.5.1","description":"How countability affects article use ('a/an' vs zero/the), plurals, and choice of quantifiers (much/many, little/few, amount/number).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"count-uncount-common-errors","name":"Common Countable/Uncountable Errors","label":"1.1.1.5.2","description":"Typical mistakes like pluralizing uncountables (informations), using 'a/an' with uncountables, quantifier confusion (many advices). Using partitives (a piece of...).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"stative-dynamic-verb-usage","name":"Stative vs Dynamic Verb Usage","label":"1.1.2.13","description":"Understanding verbs that describe states (stative: know, believe, own) vs actions (dynamic: run, eat) and how this affects use, especially with continuous tenses.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"modal-verb-nuances","name":"Modal Verb Nuances & Usage","label":"1.1.2.4.1","description":"Exploring subtle differences in meaning, formality, and usage between modal verbs expressing ability (can/could), permission (can/may), obligation (must/have to), advice (should/ought to), possibility (may/might/could).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"phrasal-verb-usage-challenges","name":"Phrasal Verb Usage Challenges","label":"1.1.2.5.1","description":"Tips for learning phrasal verbs: understanding idiomatic meanings, identifying separable vs inseparable verbs, common examples.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"sv-agreement-common-errors","name":"Common Subject-Verb Agreement Errors","label":"1.2.6.3","description":"Focusing on tricky subject-verb agreement cases: collective nouns (team is/are), indefinite pronouns (everyone is), compound subjects (or/nor), interrupting phrases, 'there is/are', relative clauses.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"reported-speech-mechanics","name":"Reported Speech Mechanics (Usage)","label":"1.2.9.3","description":"Practical application of rules for changing tense (backshift), pronouns, time/place expressions when reporting speech, questions, and commands.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"pronoun-usage-issues","name":"Pronoun Usage Issues","label":"1.1.4.9","description":"Ensuring correct pronoun-antecedent agreement (number, gender), choosing the right case (subject I/me, object who/whom), using relative and reflexive pronouns correctly.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"adverb-usage-placement","name":"Adverb Usage & Placement Issues","label":"1.1.5.12","description":"Rules and common errors for adverb position in sentences (especially frequency adverbs like always, often) and avoiding confusion between adjective and adverb forms (e.g., slow/slowly, good/well).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-tenses","name":"Present Tenses","label":"1.1.2.8.1","description":"Verb forms used to talk about the present time or situations with present relevance.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-simple","name":"Present Simple","label":"1.1.2.8.1.1","description":"The basic present tense form.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-simple-form","name":"Present Simple - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.1.1.1","description":"Structure: Base form (add -s/-es for 3rd person singular). Negatives/Questions use do/does.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-simple-usage","name":"Present Simple - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.1.1.2","description":"Used for: Habits, routines, general truths, facts, states, schedules/timetables (future meaning).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-continuous","name":"Present Continuous (Progressive)","label":"1.1.2.8.1.2","description":"Tense for actions in progress.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-continuous-form","name":"Present Continuous - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.1.2.1","description":"Structure: am/is/are + verb-ing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-continuous-usage","name":"Present Continuous - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.1.2.2","description":"Used for: Actions happening now, temporary situations, future arrangements, annoying habits (with always). Not usually with stative verbs.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-perfect-simple","name":"Present Perfect Simple","label":"1.1.2.8.1.3","description":"Tense connecting past and present.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-perfect-simple-form","name":"Present Perfect Simple - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.1.3.1","description":"Structure: have/has + past participle.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-perfect-simple-usage","name":"Present Perfect Simple - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.1.3.2","description":"Used for: Past actions with present results, life experiences (unspecified time), unfinished time periods (today, this week), with 'for'/'since' (states).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-perfect-continuous","name":"Present Perfect Continuous","label":"1.1.2.8.1.4","description":"Tense focusing on duration or recent activity.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-perfect-continuous-form","name":"Present Perfect Continuous - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.1.4.1","description":"Structure: have/has + been + verb-ing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-perfect-continuous-usage","name":"Present Perfect Continuous - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.1.4.2","description":"Used for: Duration of an action up to now (emphasis on duration, with 'for'/'since'), explaining a present result through recent continuous activity.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-tenses","name":"Past Tenses","label":"1.1.2.8.2","description":"Verb forms used to talk about the past time.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-simple","name":"Past Simple","label":"1.1.2.8.2.1","description":"The basic past tense form.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-simple-form","name":"Past Simple - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.2.1.1","description":"Structure: Base form + -ed (regular verbs) or irregular form. Negatives/Questions use did.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-simple-usage","name":"Past Simple - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.2.1.2","description":"Used for: Completed actions at a specific time in the past, sequence of past actions, past habits (used to/would also possible).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-continuous","name":"Past Continuous (Progressive)","label":"1.1.2.8.2.2","description":"Tense for actions in progress in the past.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-continuous-form","name":"Past Continuous - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.2.2.1","description":"Structure: was/were + verb-ing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-continuous-usage","name":"Past Continuous - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.2.2.2","description":"Used for: Action in progress at a specific past time, action interrupted by another past action (Past Simple), background description in narratives.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-perfect-simple","name":"Past Perfect Simple","label":"1.1.2.8.2.3","description":"Tense for 'past before the past'.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-perfect-simple-form","name":"Past Perfect Simple - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.2.3.1","description":"Structure: had + past participle.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-perfect-simple-usage","name":"Past Perfect Simple - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.2.3.2","description":"Used for: Action completed before another specific time or action in the past. Used in reported speech and third conditional.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-perfect-continuous","name":"Past Perfect Continuous","label":"1.1.2.8.2.4","description":"Tense focusing on duration before a past time.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-perfect-continuous-form","name":"Past Perfect Continuous - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.2.4.1","description":"Structure: had + been + verb-ing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-perfect-continuous-usage","name":"Past Perfect Continuous - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.2.4.2","description":"Used for: Duration of an action up to a specific point in the past (emphasis on duration), explaining a past result through recent continuous activity before that past point.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-tenses","name":"Future Tenses & Forms","label":"1.1.2.8.3","description":"Ways to talk about the future time.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-simple-will","name":"Future Simple (will)","label":"1.1.2.8.3.1","description":"Basic future form using 'will'.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-simple-will-form","name":"Future Simple (will) - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.3.1.1","description":"Structure: will + base form. ('shall' sometimes used for I/we).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-simple-will-usage","name":"Future Simple (will) - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.3.1.2","description":"Used for: Predictions (opinions), spontaneous decisions, offers, promises, requests, future facts.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-simple-be-going-to","name":"Future Simple (be going to)","label":"1.1.2.8.3.2","description":"Future form using 'be going to'.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-simple-be-going-to-form","name":"Future Simple (be going to) - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.3.2.1","description":"Structure: am/is/are + going to + base form.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-simple-be-going-to-usage","name":"Future Simple (be going to) - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.3.2.2","description":"Used for: Intentions, plans made before speaking, predictions based on present evidence.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-continuous","name":"Future Continuous (Progressive)","label":"1.1.2.8.3.3","description":"Tense for actions in progress in the future.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-continuous-form","name":"Future Continuous - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.3.3.1","description":"Structure: will + be + verb-ing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-continuous-usage","name":"Future Continuous - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.3.3.2","description":"Used for: Action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future, future plans/arrangements (alternative to Pres Cont).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-perfect-simple","name":"Future Perfect Simple","label":"1.1.2.8.3.4","description":"Tense for actions completed before a future time.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-perfect-simple-form","name":"Future Perfect Simple - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.3.4.1","description":"Structure: will + have + past participle.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-perfect-simple-usage","name":"Future Perfect Simple - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.3.4.2","description":"Used for: Action that will be completed before a specific point in the future (often with 'by' or 'before').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-perfect-continuous","name":"Future Perfect Continuous","label":"1.1.2.8.3.5","description":"Tense focusing on duration up to a future time.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-perfect-continuous-form","name":"Future Perfect Continuous - Form","label":"1.1.2.8.3.5.1","description":"Structure: will + have + been + verb-ing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-perfect-continuous-usage","name":"Future Perfect Continuous - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.3.5.2","description":"Used for: Duration of an action up to a specific point in the future (emphasis on duration, with 'for').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-simple-for-future","name":"Present Simple for Future","label":"1.1.2.8.3.6","description":"Using Present Simple to talk about future events.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-simple-for-future-usage","name":"Present Simple for Future - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.3.6.1","description":"Used for: Timetables, schedules, programmes (fixed future events).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-continuous-for-future","name":"Present Continuous for Future","label":"1.1.2.8.3.7","description":"Using Present Continuous to talk about future events.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-continuous-for-future-usage","name":"Present Continuous for Future - Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.3.7.1","description":"Used for: Fixed future arrangements and plans, especially when time/place is decided.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"tense-aspect-choice-issues-node","name":"Tense & Aspect Choice Issues","label":"1.1.2.8.4","description":"Focus on common difficulties and comparisons between different tenses and aspects.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-vs-present-perfect-usage","name":"Simple Past vs. Present Perfect Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.4.1","description":"Comparing finished past actions (Past Simple) with actions having present relevance (Present Perfect).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-vs-continuous-usage","name":"Simple Present vs. Present Continuous Usage","label":"1.1.2.8.4.2","description":"Comparing habits/facts (Simple Present) with actions now/temporary situations (Present Continuous); role of stative verbs.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"future-forms-choice","name":"Future Forms Choice (will vs. going to vs. Present)","label":"1.1.2.8.4.3","description":"Guidance on choosing between 'will', 'be going to', Present Continuous, and Present Simple for future meanings.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"stative-verbs-continuous-tenses","name":"Stative Verbs and Continuous Tenses","label":"1.1.2.8.4.4","description":"Explaining why stative verbs (like know, believe, want, own) are generally not used in continuous tenses and common exceptions.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"independent-clause-function","name":"Independent Clause Function","label":"1.2.3.1.1","description":"Can form a simple sentence alone or be joined by coordination (using coordinating conjunctions or semicolons) to form compound sentences.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"noun-clause-markers","name":"Noun Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.1.1","description":"Words that typically introduce noun clauses: 'that', 'if'/'whether', and Wh- words (what, where, when, who, whom, whose, why, how).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"noun-clause-functions","name":"Noun Clause Functions","label":"1.2.3.2.1.2","description":"Noun clauses act as nouns and can function as: Subject, Object of a verb, Object of a preposition, Subject Complement, or Appositive.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"that-clauses-usage","name":"'That'-Clauses Usage","label":"1.2.3.2.1.3","description":"Noun clauses starting with 'that' often report statements, beliefs, thoughts, feelings (e.g., 'I know that he is right'). 'That' can sometimes be omitted.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"wh-clauses-usage","name":"Wh-Clauses Usage","label":"1.2.3.2.1.4","description":"Noun clauses starting with Wh- words function as embedded questions or statements about 'what', 'where', 'why', etc. (e.g., 'I don't know where he is.' / 'What she said surprised me.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"if-whether-clauses-usage","name":"'If'/'Whether'-Clauses Usage","label":"1.2.3.2.1.5","description":"Noun clauses starting with 'if' or 'whether' function as embedded Yes/No questions (e.g., 'He asked if I was ready.' / 'I doubt whether it's true.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"relative-pronoun-markers","name":"Relative Pronoun Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.2.3","description":"Relative pronouns introducing adjective clauses: 'who' (people, subject), 'whom' (people, object), 'whose' (possession), 'which' (things), 'that' (people/things, mainly defining).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"relative-adverb-markers","name":"Relative Adverb Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.2.4","description":"Relative adverbs introducing adjective clauses: 'where' (place), 'when' (time), 'why' (reason, usually after 'the reason').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"defining-vs-non-defining-usage","name":"Defining vs. Non-Defining Usage","label":"1.2.3.2.2.5","description":"Further details on restrictive (defining - essential info, no commas) vs. non-restrictive (non-defining - extra info, uses commas). 'That' typically only in defining; 'which' can be used in both.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"omitting-relative-pronouns","name":"Omitting Relative Pronouns","label":"1.2.3.2.2.6","description":"When the relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that) can be omitted: when it is the OBJECT of the relative clause (e.g., 'The book [that] I read was good.')","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"reduced-relative-clauses","name":"Reduced Relative Clauses","label":"1.2.3.2.2.7","description":"Shortening relative clauses using participles (e.g., 'The man who is sitting...' -> 'The man sitting...' / 'The report that was written...' -> 'The report written...').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"time-clause-markers","name":"Time Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.3.1.1","description":"Common words introducing time clauses: when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, whenever.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"time-clause-tense-usage","name":"Time Clause Tense Usage","label":"1.2.3.2.3.1.2","description":"Important rule: Use present tenses (Simple or Perfect) in time clauses to refer to future time (e.g., 'We will start when he arrives.' NOT '...when he will arrive.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"purpose-clause-markers","name":"Purpose Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.3.3.1","description":"Common ways to express purpose: 'so that' / 'in order that' (+ subject + modal like can/will/could/would); or using a 'to-infinitive' phrase if the subject is the same.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"reason-clause-markers","name":"Reason Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.3.4.1","description":"Common words introducing reason clauses: because (strongest), since, as.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"because-vs-because-of","name":"Because vs. Because of","label":"1.2.3.2.3.4.2","description":"Distinction: 'Because' introduces a clause (subject + verb), while 'because of' introduces a noun phrase (prepositional phrase).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"concessive-clause-markers","name":"Concessive Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.3.5.1","description":"Common words introducing concession/contrast: although, even though, though, while, whereas.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"although-vs-despite","name":"Although vs. Despite / In spite of","label":"1.2.3.2.3.5.2","description":"Distinction: 'Although'/'Even though' introduce a clause (subject + verb), while 'despite'/'in spite of' introduce a noun phrase or gerund.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"result-clause-markers","name":"Result Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.3.6.1","description":"Common structures for result: 'so + adjective/adverb + that...' (e.g., 'He was so tired that he fell asleep.'); 'such + (a/an) + [adjective] + noun + that...' (e.g., 'It was such a nice day that we went out.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"place-clause-markers","name":"Place Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.3.7.1","description":"Common words introducing place clauses: where, wherever.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"manner-clause-markers","name":"Manner Clause Markers","label":"1.2.3.2.3.8.1","description":"Common words introducing manner clauses: as, like (informal use as conjunction), as if, as though (often used for unreal comparisons).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"regular-plural-formation","name":"Regular Plural Formation","label":"1.1.1.8.1","description":"Standard rules for forming plurals, usually by adding -s or -es. Includes spelling and pronunciation rules (e.g., nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh; nouns ending in consonant + y -> -ies).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"irregular-plurals","name":"Irregular Plurals","label":"1.1.1.8.2","description":"Nouns that do not form their plural by simply adding -s or -es.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"vowel-change-plurals","name":"Vowel Change Plurals","label":"1.1.1.8.2.1","description":"Plurals formed by changing a vowel sound (e.g., man/men, woman/women, foot/feet, tooth/teeth, goose/geese).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"en-suffix-plurals","name":"-en Suffix Plurals","label":"1.1.1.8.2.2","description":"Plurals formed by adding -(r)en (e.g., child/children, ox/oxen).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"zero-plurals","name":"Zero Plurals (No Change)","label":"1.1.1.8.2.3","description":"Nouns where the singular and plural forms are the same (e.g., sheep, deer, fish [often], aircraft, series, species).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"f-fe-ves-plurals","name":"Nouns ending in -f / -fe","label":"1.1.1.8.2.4","description":"Rules and exceptions for nouns ending in -f or -fe (e.g., leaf/leaves, wife/wives vs. roof/roofs, belief/beliefs).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"o-ending-plurals","name":"Nouns ending in -o","label":"1.1.1.8.2.5","description":"Rules and exceptions for nouns ending in -o (e.g., add -s: photo/photos, piano/pianos; add -es: potato/potatoes, hero/heroes).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"foreign-plurals","name":"Foreign Plurals","label":"1.1.1.8.2.6","description":"Plurals borrowed from other languages (Latin, Greek) (e.g., datum/data, criterion/criteria, syllabus/syllabi, analysis/analyses, cactus/cacti).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"other-irregular-plurals","name":"Other Irregular Plurals","label":"1.1.1.8.2.7","description":"Other specific irregular forms (e.g., mouse/mice, person/people, die/dice).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"plural-only-nouns","name":"Plural-Only Nouns (Pluralia Tantum)","label":"1.1.1.8.3","description":"Nouns that are always plural and take a plural verb, often referring to things with two parts or collections (e.g., trousers, glasses, scissors, clothes, thanks, police).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"singular-only-nouns","name":"Singular-Only Nouns (Typically Uncountable)","label":"1.1.1.8.4","description":"Nouns typically used only in the singular, often uncountable nouns (e.g., information, advice, furniture, news, luggage). See also Countable/Uncountable.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possessive-formation-rules","name":"Possessive Formation Rules","label":"1.1.1.9.1","description":"How to form possessives: Add 's to singular nouns (cat's); Add ' to plural nouns ending in -s (students'); Add 's to plural nouns not ending in -s (children's). Rules for names ending in -s (James's or James').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possessives-compound-joint","name":"Possessives with Compound Nouns & Joint Possession","label":"1.1.1.9.2","description":"Forming possessives with compound nouns (e.g., mother-in-law's) and indicating joint vs. separate possession (e.g., 'John and Mary's house' vs. 'John's and Mary's houses').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"possessive-vs-plural-confusion","name":"Possessive vs. Plural Confusion","label":"1.1.1.9.3","description":"Common error: Distinguishing possessive forms (cat's, cats') from simple plurals (cats). Using apostrophes correctly.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"uncountable-categories-tricky-nouns","name":"Common Uncountable Categories & Tricky Nouns","label":"1.1.1.5.3","description":"Identifying common semantic categories often uncountable (e.g., abstract ideas, materials, liquids, general groups like furniture/luggage) and specific nouns frequently causing errors (e.g., advice, information, news, research, traffic, weather).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"partitives-for-uncountables","name":"Partitives for Uncountables","label":"1.1.1.5.4","description":"Using phrases to count uncountable nouns (e.g., a piece of advice/information/furniture, an item of news/luggage, a loaf of bread, a cup of tea, a bar of chocolate).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"dual-count-uncount-nouns","name":"Nouns Countable & Uncountable (Different Meanings)","label":"1.1.1.5.5","description":"Nouns that can be both, with different meanings (e.g., paper [material] / a paper [newspaper/document], glass [material] / a glass [container], time [concept] / a time [occasion], hair [on head] / a hair [single strand]).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"noun-gender","name":"Noun Gender","label":"1.1.1.10","description":"English primarily uses natural gender (based on sex), reflected in pronouns (he/she/it). Some nouns have distinct masculine/feminine forms (e.g., actor/actress, waiter/waitress, host/hostess).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"active-voice","name":"Active Voice","label":"1.1.2.10.1","description":"The standard sentence structure where the subject performs the action (e.g., 'The cat chased the mouse.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-voice","name":"Passive Voice","label":"1.1.2.10.2","description":"Sentence structure where the subject receives the action, often focusing on the action or object rather than the performer (e.g., 'The mouse was chased by the cat.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-voice-formation","name":"Passive Voice - Formation","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1","description":"General rule: appropriate form of 'to be' + past participle of the main verb.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-present-simple","name":"Passive: Present Simple","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.1","description":"Form: am/is/are + past participle (e.g., 'English is spoken here.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-present-continuous","name":"Passive: Present Continuous","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.2","description":"Form: am/is/are + being + past participle (e.g., 'The house is being built.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-present-perfect","name":"Passive: Present Perfect","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.3","description":"Form: has/have + been + past participle (e.g., 'The report has been finished.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-past-simple","name":"Passive: Past Simple","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.4","description":"Form: was/were + past participle (e.g., 'The window was broken yesterday.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-past-continuous","name":"Passive: Past Continuous","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.5","description":"Form: was/were + being + past participle (e.g., 'The road was being repaired.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-past-perfect","name":"Passive: Past Perfect","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.6","description":"Form: had + been + past participle (e.g., 'The letter had been sent before I arrived.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-future-simple-will","name":"Passive: Future Simple (will)","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.7","description":"Form: will + be + past participle (e.g., 'The results will be announced tomorrow.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-future-be-going-to","name":"Passive: Future (be going to)","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.8","description":"Form: am/is/are + going to + be + past participle (e.g., 'The rules are going to be changed.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-modals","name":"Passive with Modals","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.9","description":"Form: modal verb + be + past participle (e.g., 'The work must be finished.' / 'It can be done.'). Includes past modals (e.g., 'should have been done').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-infinitives-gerunds","name":"Passive Infinitives & Gerunds","label":"1.1.2.10.2.1.10","description":"Passive forms of non-finite verbs: 'to be + past participle' (e.g., 'I want to be informed.') and 'being + past participle' (e.g., 'He hates being told what to do.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-voice-usage","name":"Passive Voice - Usage","label":"1.1.2.10.2.2","description":"Reasons for choosing the passive voice instead of the active voice.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-unknown-unimportant-agent","name":"Usage: Agent Unknown/Unimportant/Obvious","label":"1.1.2.10.2.2.1","description":"Use passive when the performer of the action (agent) is unknown, not important, or obvious from context (e.g., 'My wallet was stolen.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-focus-on-action-object","name":"Usage: Focus on Action or Object","label":"1.1.2.10.2.2.2","description":"Use passive to emphasize the action itself or the receiver (object) of the action, rather than the performer (e.g., 'A new species has been discovered.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-impersonal-formal-style","name":"Usage: Impersonal / Formal Style","label":"1.1.2.10.2.2.3","description":"Use passive in formal, objective, or scientific writing to maintain an impersonal tone (e.g., 'It is believed that...' / 'The samples were analyzed.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-voice-by-agent","name":"Passive Voice - Mentioning the Agent ('by' phrase)","label":"1.1.2.10.2.3","description":"How and when to mention the performer of the action (agent) in a passive sentence using the preposition 'by' (e.g., 'Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.'). Often omitted if unimportant.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"passive-voice-common-errors","name":"Passive Voice - Common Errors","label":"1.1.2.10.2.4","description":"Typical mistakes: Incorrect formation (wrong form of 'be' or participle), overuse, attempting to make intransitive verbs passive.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"infinitives","name":"Infinitives","label":"1.1.2.11.1","description":"The base form of a verb, often preceded by 'to'. Can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"to-infinitive","name":"To-Infinitive","label":"1.1.2.11.1.1","description":"Form: 'to' + base form of the verb (e.g., to run, to eat, to be).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"to-infinitive-functions","name":"To-Infinitive - Functions","label":"1.1.2.11.1.1.1","description":"Common uses: as Subject ('To err is human'), Object ('I want to go'), Complement ('My dream is to travel'), after adjectives ('happy to help'), to show purpose ('He studied to pass').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"bare-infinitive","name":"Bare Infinitive (Zero Infinitive)","label":"1.1.2.11.1.2","description":"Form: base form of the verb without 'to' (e.g., run, eat, be).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"bare-infinitive-usage","name":"Bare Infinitive - Usage","label":"1.1.2.11.1.2.1","description":"Used after: most modal verbs (can go), verbs like 'let', 'make', 'help' (optional), and perception verbs (see him run, hear her sing).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"gerunds","name":"Gerunds","label":"1.1.2.11.2","description":"Form: verb + -ing. Functions as a noun.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"gerund-functions","name":"Gerund - Functions","label":"1.1.2.11.2.1","description":"Used as: Subject ('Swimming is fun.'), Object of a verb ('I enjoy reading.'), Object of a preposition ('Thanks for helping.'), Subject Complement ('My hobby is painting.').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verbs-followed-by-gerunds-overview","name":"Verbs Followed by Gerunds (Overview)","label":"1.1.2.11.2.2","description":"Many verbs are typically followed by a gerund (e.g., enjoy, finish, avoid, suggest). See 'Gerunds vs Infinitives' (1.1.2.12) for details.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"prepositions-followed-by-gerunds","name":"Prepositions Followed by Gerunds","label":"1.1.2.11.2.3","description":"Rule: When a verb follows a preposition, it must be in the gerund form (e.g., 'interested in learning', 'good at playing').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"participles","name":"Participles","label":"1.1.2.11.3","description":"Verb forms (present -ing, past -ed/irregular) that can function as adjectives or parts of verb phrases/clauses.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-participle","name":"Present Participle","label":"1.1.2.11.3.1","description":"Form: verb + -ing.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-participle-as-adjective","name":"Present Participle as Adjective","label":"1.1.2.11.3.1.1","description":"Describes a noun, often indicating an active quality or cause of a feeling (e.g., 'a boring lecture', 'running water', 'surprising news').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-participle-phrases","name":"Present Participle Phrases","label":"1.1.2.11.3.1.2","description":"A present participle plus objects/modifiers, acting as an adjective phrase, often reducing an active relative clause (e.g., 'The man sitting over there is my teacher.' from '...who is sitting...').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-participle","name":"Past Participle","label":"1.1.2.11.3.2","description":"Form: verb + -ed (regular) or irregular form (e.g., written, broken, seen).","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-participle-as-adjective","name":"Past Participle as Adjective","label":"1.1.2.11.3.2.1","description":"Describes a noun, often indicating a passive quality or a received feeling (e.g., 'a broken window', 'a written report', 'a bored student').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-participle-phrases","name":"Past Participle Phrases","label":"1.1.2.11.3.2.2","description":"A past participle plus objects/modifiers, acting as an adjective phrase, often reducing a passive relative clause (e.g., 'The report written yesterday...' from '...which was written...').","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"perfect-participles","name":"Perfect Participles","label":"1.1.2.11.3.3","description":"Form/Usage: 'Having + past participle' (active, e.g., 'Having finished his work, he left.') or 'Having been + past participle' (passive, e.g., 'Having been warned, she was careful.') Used to show an action completed before another action.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"participle-clauses-common-errors","name":"Participial Phrase Common Errors","label":"1.1.2.11.3.4","description":"Avoiding dangling modifiers (participle does not logically modify the subject of the main clause) and misplaced modifiers.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verbs-plus-gerund","name":"Verbs Followed Only by Gerund (-ing)","label":"1.1.2.12.1","description":"Covers verbs that are typically followed directly by the gerund form (verb + -ing). Examples: enjoy, avoid, finish, keep, mind, practice, suggest, admit, deny.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verbs-plus-infinitive","name":"Verbs Followed Only by To-Infinitive","label":"1.1.2.12.2","description":"Covers verbs that are typically followed directly by the to-infinitive form (to + base verb). Examples: want, need, hope, plan, decide, promise, offer, agree, manage, seem, appear, afford, learn.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verbs-plus-both-same","name":"Verbs Followed by Both (No Meaning Change)","label":"1.1.2.12.3","description":"Covers verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or a to-infinitive with little or no difference in meaning. Examples: start, begin, continue, like, love, hate, prefer.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"verbs-plus-both-different","name":"Verbs Followed by Both (With Meaning Change)","label":"1.1.2.12.4","description":"Covers verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or a to-infinitive, but the meaning changes significantly. Examples: stop (stop smoking vs stop to smoke), remember, forget, try, regret, go on.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"indicative-mood","name":"Indicative Mood","label":"1.1.2.9.1","description":"The most common mood, used to state facts, express opinions, or ask questions about reality. Example: 'It is raining.' / 'I think it will rain.' / 'Is it raining?'","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"imperative-mood","name":"Imperative Mood","label":"1.1.2.9.2","description":"Used to give commands, orders, requests, or instructions. The subject ('you') is usually implied. Example: 'Close the door.' / 'Please wait here.'","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"subjunctive-mood","name":"Subjunctive Mood","label":"1.1.2.9.3","description":"Used to express wishes, suggestions, demands, or hypothetical/unreal situations. Less common than indicative or imperative, often found in formal contexts or specific structures.","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"present-subjunctive","name":"Present Subjunctive","label":"1.1.2.9.3.1","description":"Form: Uses the base form of the verb for all persons. Usage: Often follows verbs like 'suggest', 'recommend', 'demand', 'insist' + 'that'. Example: 'The doctor suggested that he *rest*.' / 'It is vital that she *be* present.'","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"past-subjunctive","name":"Past Subjunctive","label":"1.1.2.9.3.2","description":"Form: Uses the simple past tense form (for 'be', uses 'were' for all persons). Usage: Used in conditional sentences (Type 2) and after 'wish' to talk about unreal present situations. Example: 'If I *were* you, I would go.' / 'I wish I *had* more time.'","value":0,"color":null},{"id":"conditional-mood","name":"Conditional Mood","label":"1.1.2.9.4","description":"Indicates actions that depend on a condition. Often formed using modal verbs like 'would', 'could', 'might'. Closely related to conditional sentences (see 1.2.3.2.3.2). 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